PLTN Beriga-Gelasa Sebagai Jalan Keluar Transisi Energi: Kritik Berbasis Bukti Terhadap Penolakan Absolut Dan Model Pembangunan Nuklir Berkeadilan

Hosea Alfandi Irawan

doi:10.69693/ijim.v4i2.906

Authors

Hosea Alfandi Irawan Universitas Bangka Belitung

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.69693/ijim.v4i2.906

Keywords:

PLTN, Transisi Energi, Keadilan Ruang, Tata Kelola Risiko, Bangka Belitung

Abstract

Perdebatan mengenai rencana Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir di kawasan Beriga-Gelasa sering terjebak pada polarisasi antara dukungan teknokratis dan penolakan absolut. Artikel ini bertujuan menyusun argumen berbasis bukti bahwa energi nuklir layak dipertahankan sebagai opsi strategis transisi energi Bangka Belitung apabila dibangun melalui tata kelola keselamatan, keadilan ruang, dan manfaat lokal yang mengikat. Penelitian menggunakan studi pustaka dan analisis kebijakan dengan menelaah literatur tentang energy trilemma, just transition, risk governance, social acceptance, dan political economy of energy. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa penolakan absolut terhadap nuklir cenderung lemah bila tidak menyajikan alternatif rendah karbon yang stabil, terjangkau, dan layak secara ruang bagi wilayah kepulauan. Namun, dukungan terhadap Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir juga tidak boleh bersifat tanpa syarat karena tapak pesisir memuat ruang kerja, identitas sosial, dan sumber ekonomi nelayan. Artikel ini menawarkan model Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir pro-rakyat berbasis bukti melalui audit tapak terbuka, pemetaan partisipatif ruang hidup nelayan, analisis dampak lingkungan yang substantif, perjanjian manfaat komunitas, monitoring independen, dan klausul penghentian bila indikator keselamatan serta keadilan tidak terpenuhi. Kesimpulannya, Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Beriga-Gelasa dapat menjadi instrumen transisi energi dan pembangunan pesisir apabila kelayakan teknologi dikunci oleh akuntabilitas sosial-ekologis.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aoki, M., & Rothwell, G. (2013). A comparative institutional analysis of the Fukushima nuclear disaster: Lessons and policy implications. Energy Policy, 53, 240-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.10.058

Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir. (2024, May 31). BAPETEN hadir dalam sosialisasi dampak dan manfaat PLTN di Pulau Gelasa. https://www.bapeten.go.id/

Badan Pengawas Tenaga Nuklir. (2025, August 6). Siaran pers: BAPETEN terbitkan persetujuan evaluasi tapak PLTN di Pulau Kelasa Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. https://www.bapeten.go.id/

Brook, B. W., Alonso, A., Meneley, D. A., Misak, J., Blees, T., & van Erp, J. B. (2014). Why nuclear energy is sustainable and has to be part of the energy mix. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 1-2, 8-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2014.11.001

Carley, S., & Konisky, D. M. (2020). The justice and equity implications of the clean energy transition. Nature Energy, 5, 569-577. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0641-6

Devine-Wright, P. (2009). Rethinking NIMBYism: The role of place attachment and place identity in explaining place-protective action. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19(6), 426-441. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.1004

Heffron, R. J., & McCauley, D. (2017). The concept of energy justice across the disciplines. Energy Policy, 105, 658-667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.018

Hultman, N. E., Koomey, J. G., & Kammen, D. M. (2007). What history can teach us about the future costs of U.S. nuclear power. Environmental Science & Technology, 41(7), 2088-2093. https://doi.org/10.1021/es062770k

International Atomic Energy Agency. (2012). Managing siting activities for nuclear power plants (IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NG-T-3.7). IAEA.

International Atomic Energy Agency. (2016). Safety of nuclear power plants: Design (Specific Safety Requirements No. SSR-2/1 Rev. 1). IAEA.

International Atomic Energy Agency. (2018). Milestones in the development of a national infrastructure for nuclear power (NG-G-3.1 Rev. 1). IAEA.

International Atomic Energy Agency. (2021). Stakeholder engagement in nuclear programmes (IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NG-T-1.4). IAEA.

International Atomic Energy Agency. (2023). Climate change and nuclear power 2023. IAEA.

International Energy Agency. (2021). Net zero by 2050: A roadmap for the global energy sector. IEA.

International Energy Agency. (2022). Nuclear power and secure energy transitions: From today’s challenges to tomorrow’s clean energy systems. IEA.

International Energy Agency. (2023). World energy outlook 2023. IEA.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Climate change 2022: Mitigation of climate change. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157926

Jenkins, K., McCauley, D., Heffron, R., Stephan, H., & Rehner, R. (2016). Energy justice: A conceptual review. Energy Research & Social Science, 11, 174-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.10.004

Kharecha, P. A., & Hansen, J. E. (2013). Prevented mortality and greenhouse gas emissions from historical and projected nuclear power. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(9), 4889-4895. https://doi.org/10.1021/es3051197

Koomey, J., & Hultman, N. E. (2007). A reactor-level analysis of busbar costs for US nuclear plants, 1970-2005. Energy Policy, 35(11), 5630-5642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.06.005

Kuzemko, C., Lockwood, M., Mitchell, C., & Hoggett, R. (2016). Governing for sustainable energy system change: Politics, contexts and contingency. Energy Research & Social Science, 12, 96-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.022

Lovering, J. R., Yip, A., & Nordhaus, T. (2016). Historical construction costs of global nuclear power reactors. Energy Policy, 91, 371-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.01.011

Markard, J. (2018). The next phase of the energy transition and its implications for research and policy. Nature Energy, 3, 628-633. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0171-7

McCauley, D., & Heffron, R. (2018). Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice. Energy Policy, 119, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.014

OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. (2020). Unlocking reductions in the construction costs of nuclear: A practical guide for stakeholders. OECD Publishing.

Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Perizinan Instalasi Nuklir dan Pemanfaatan Bahan Nuklir.

Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 54 Tahun 2012 tentang Keselamatan dan Keamanan Instalasi Nuklir.

Poortinga, W., Aoyagi, M., & Pidgeon, N. F. (2013). Public perceptions of climate change and energy futures before and after the Fukushima accident: A comparison between Britain and Japan. Energy Policy, 62, 1204-1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.08.015

Renn, O. (2008). Risk governance: Coping with uncertainty in a complex world. Earthscan.

Sovacool, B. K. (2008). Valuing the greenhouse gas emissions from nuclear power: A critical survey. Energy Policy, 36(8), 2950-2963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.04.017

Sovacool, B. K. (2010). A critical evaluation of nuclear power and renewable electricity in Asia. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 40(3), 369-400. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472331003798350

Stirling, A. (2014). Transforming power: Social science and the politics of energy choices. Energy Research & Social Science, 1, 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.02.001

Taebi, B., Roeser, S., & van de Poel, I. (2012). The ethics of nuclear power: Social experiments, intergenerational justice, and emotions. Energy Policy, 51, 202-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.09.004

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 10 Tahun 1997 tentang Ketenaganukliran.

Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2021). Life cycle assessment of electricity generation options. UNECE.

Wheatley, S., Sovacool, B. K., & Sornette, D. (2017). Reassessing the safety of nuclear power. Energy Research & Social Science, 15, 96-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.12.026

World Nuclear Association. (2024). Nuclear power in the world today. World Nuclear Association.

Wüstenhagen, R., Wolsink, M., & Bürer, M. J. (2007). Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept. Energy Policy, 35(5), 2683-2691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.001