Hubungan Infeksi Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) dengan Status Gizi Anak: Narrative Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69693/ijim.v4i3.1314Keywords:
Soil-Transmitted Helminths, Status Gizi Anak, Stunting, Underweight, WastingAbstract
Tinjauan ini bertujuan untuk merangkum bukti terbaru mengenai hubungan antara infeksi STH dengan status gizi anak, khususnya pada tiga indikator utama yaitu stunting, underweight, dan wasting, berdasarkan literatur yang dipublikasikan dalam lima tahun terakhir. Metode yang digunakan adalah narrative review terhadap berbagai studi observasional, tinjauan sistematis, dan meta-analisis yang relevan dari Indonesia maupun negara lain seperti Ethiopia dan Nigeria. Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara STH dengan stunting cenderung menunjukkan arah positif, dengan beberapa penelitian melaporkan peningkatan risiko stunting yang signifikan pada anak terinfeksi, meskipun kekuatan asosiasinya bervariasi cukup luas antar wilayah dan populasi. Sebaliknya, hubungan STH dengan underweight pada umumnya tidak menunjukkan signifikansi statistik pada berbagai studi yang ditelaah, sementara hubungan dengan wasting menunjukkan hasil yang paling tidak konsisten, di mana sebagian studi melaporkan asosiasi yang kuat dan sebagian lain tidak menemukan hubungan sama sekali. Inkonsistensi temuan ini dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, antara lain perbedaan desain penelitian yang sebagian besar bersifat cross-sectional, intensitas infeksi yang tidak selalu diukur secara rinci, keberadaan program deworming massal yang telah berjalan di berbagai wilayah, serta peran faktor perancu seperti kondisi sosial ekonomi, sanitasi, dan pola asuh keluarga. Upaya pencegahan dan pengendalian yang terintegrasi, meliputi pemberian obat cacing berkala, perbaikan sanitasi dan higiene, serta edukasi dan intervensi gizi, tetap diperlukan sebagai strategi komprehensif untuk mendukung perbaikan status gizi anak di wilayah endemis STH. Tinjauan ini diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran yang lebih utuh bagi tenaga kesehatan, peneliti, dan pembuat kebijakan dalam merancang program intervensi gizi dan kesehatan anak yang lebih tepat sasaran.
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